| Kafih Jerusalem, 1984 , ch | |
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| 597, which notes that many of the details surrounding Muhammad's life as given in the biographies, are "problematic in certain respects, the most important of which is that they represent a tradition of living narrative that is likely to have developed orally for a considerable period before it was given even a relatively fixed written form |
"Muhmmad," Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim world• El-Cheikh, Nadia Maria Byzantium Viewed by the Arabs 2004, Harvard University Press p.
| The Bustan al-Ukul, by Nathanael ibn al-Fayyumi, edited and translated by David Levine, Columbia University Oriental Studies Vol | Lapidus 2002 , pp 0 |
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| Seeing Islam as others saw it: a survey and evaluation of Christian, Jewish, Robert G | however, there is no relevant archaeological, epigraphic, or numismatic evidence dating from the time of Muhammad, nor are there any references to him in non-Muslim sources dating from the period before 632 |
Moreover, many of them provide evidence of embellishment and invention that were introduced to serve the purposes of political or religious apologetic.
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